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我想我們大家肯定都有過這樣一種感受，當(dāng)我們讀完一本書后，合上書，閉上眼，再想它的內(nèi)容時(shí)，會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，“我TMD剛剛到底讀了個(gè)啥？！”

閱讀和運(yùn)用閱讀過的知識(shí)是完全不同的兩碼事。

沒有目的和意圖的閱讀，我們從中所獲得的知識(shí)和想法就會(huì)很容易遺忘。所以我們要明白我們的記憶是怎么工作的。

那我們到底應(yīng)該怎么閱讀呢？

Quora用戶Jory MacKay??一位書癡編輯??給出了他的答案??

For the purposes of reading retention, we can think of our memory as being basically made up of three components: Impression, Association, and Repetition.

為了閱讀記憶的目的，我們可以認(rèn)為記憶基本上由三部分組成? 印象、關(guān)聯(lián)和重復(fù)。

I'm going to run through how to make sure you're using all three of these components while reading, and then look at how some of the best creative minds read and use what they've read to the.

接下來，我會(huì)給大家講講在閱讀時(shí)，我們應(yīng)該怎樣確保這三個(gè)部分的使用，然后看看那些最具創(chuàng)意的人是如何閱讀的，又是如何運(yùn)用他們所讀過的內(nèi)容的。

Impression - Read to be impressed (and to impress others)

印象 ??給自己留下印象（和給別人留下印象）

When you're impressed by something, there's a much higher probability that you'll remember it.

當(dāng)你對(duì)某些事物印象深刻時(shí)，你記住它的機(jī)率會(huì)比較高。

This could mean a phrase or quote that catches you off guard or changes the way you think about a certain topic. Or an interesting fact that you'll want to teach someone later on.

可能是一句話或某句名言，讓你猝不及防，并改變了你思考某一問題的思路。也可能是一件有趣的事，你想要把它告訴別人。

Just like a teacher is able to master a subject because they know they'll be teaching it later on, attacking a book with the same level of purpose means you'll be able to recall information a lot quicker.

就像一位老師能夠掌握一門學(xué)科，因?yàn)樗麄冎�道他們以后�?huì)教這門課；同樣地，為了達(dá)到相同的水平去讀書，這就意味著你能夠更快的回憶起很多信息。

A recent study in the journal Memory & Cognition, showed the effect that reading with intention and purpose can have. Two groups were given the same material to read?one was told they'd have a test at the end, while the others were told they'd have to teach someone the material.

最近在《記憶與認(rèn)知》雜志上的一項(xiàng)研究表明了有意圖和目的的閱讀的作用。參加研究的人被分為兩組，給了這兩組人員相同的閱讀材料，其中一組被告知結(jié)束時(shí)會(huì)對(duì)他們進(jìn)行一個(gè)測(cè)試，而另一組則被要求他們把閱讀材料教給他人。

In the end, both groups were given the same test. Surprisingly, the group that was told they'd have to teach the material (rather than be tested on it) performed much better:

最后，兩組均給予相同的測(cè)試。出人意料的是，被要求教授材料的那一組（而不是被要求測(cè)試的） 表現(xiàn)的更好?

“When compared to learners expecting a test, learners expecting to teach recalled more material correctly, they organized their recall more effectively and they had better memory for especially important information.”

"相比于期望測(cè)試的學(xué)習(xí)者，那些期待教學(xué)的學(xué)習(xí)者能夠正確地回顧更多的材料，他們能更有效地組織記憶，而且能夠記住更多的尤其是重要的信息。"

Having a clear question in mind or a topic you're focusing on can make all the difference in helping you to remember and recall information.

在頭腦中有一個(gè)清晰的問題或者專注于一個(gè)主題都可以幫助你記住和回憶不同的信息。

While this can be as easy as defining a subject to look into beforehand, if time is no object here's how to effectively 'hack' your brain into being impressed with the subject matter:

這就像我們要定義一個(gè)目標(biāo)，就要事先去了解研究它一樣，如果時(shí)間不成問題，重要的就是怎樣去沖擊我們的大腦，讓我們加深對(duì)目標(biāo)的印象：

Before reading

閱讀之前

Ruin the ending. Read reviews and summaries of the work.

讀透結(jié)尾。讀這本書的評(píng)論和總結(jié)。

You're trying to learn why something happened, so the what is secondary. Frame your reading with knowledge around the subject and perspective of what's being said and how it relates to the larger topic.

如果你想了解為什么發(fā)生這些事情，那么，“發(fā)生了什么”就是次要的。我們要做的就是，把所寫內(nèi)容的主題思想構(gòu)建一個(gè)框架，思考它是如何與更大的主題聯(lián)系起來的。

During reading

閱讀期間

As you read, have a specific purpose in mind and stick to it. Don't let your mind be the river that sweeps your thoughts away as you read.

當(dāng)你閱讀時(shí)，頭腦中要有一個(gè)具體的目標(biāo)，然后堅(jiān)持去做。不要讓你的大腦變成一條河流，沖走你在閱讀時(shí)產(chǎn)生的想法。

Be a ruthless notetaker. Your librarian might kill you for this, but using a technique such as marginalia (writing notes in the margin and marking up key patterns for follow ups), will make you a more active reader and help lock information in your memory.

要做一個(gè)冷酷的的記錄員。你的圖書管理員可能因此殺了你，但是使用旁注 （在頁邊空白處寫筆記并且標(biāo)記重點(diǎn)句式） 這樣的技巧，會(huì)讓你成為一個(gè)更積極的讀者，而且能幫助你在記憶中鎖定信息。

After reading

閱讀之后

Engage with the material. Write a high-level idea of the main ideas you want to recall or use, research supporting topics and ideas noting how they connect with what you've read, and then present, discuss, or write about your final ideas.

深入研究材料。把主要觀點(diǎn)提煉成一個(gè)你能夠回憶和使用的高層次的概念，研究支撐它的話題和意見，記錄它們是怎樣與你已經(jīng)讀過的內(nèi)容聯(lián)系起來的，然后提出、討論，或?qū)懴履阕詈蟮南敕ā?/p>

Association - Make associations with what you already know

聯(lián)系??與已有知識(shí)建立聯(lián)系

Association is a peg upon which you hang a new idea, fact, or figure. When you know where the peg is located, it's a lot easier to find what you've hung upon it.

我們可以把聯(lián)系想成一棵樹的支干，你要把新的想法、事實(shí)或數(shù)據(jù)掛上去。當(dāng)你知道每個(gè)支干所在的位置時(shí)，就很容易做到了。

As you read and come across new ideas and thoughts, you'll want to connect and associate these with familiar memories as a means of creating a bond between old and new.

當(dāng)你閱讀并產(chǎn)生新的觀點(diǎn)和想法時(shí)，你會(huì)把這些新的觀點(diǎn)與之前熟知的記憶聯(lián)系起來，這就是在新舊知識(shí)之間建立聯(lián)系的一種方式。

There are many different ways to create associations in your mind, from pairing new thoughts with familiar objects, to creating acronyms.

其實(shí)有許多不同的方式在腦海里創(chuàng)建關(guān)聯(lián)，比如把新想法與熟悉的事物組合起來，創(chuàng)造一個(gè)縮寫詞。

Many champion memorizers (there is such a thing) talk about creating a memory palace?a mental map in their mind where they store information. Each memory is connected to a 'physical' place in their mind, so as they walk through the palace they can 'find' what they were looking for, just like you or I would walk through the house looking for our keys.

許多優(yōu)秀的記憶者談?wù)搫?chuàng)造記憶宮殿 ? ? 它們將信息存儲(chǔ)在他們的思維導(dǎo)圖中。每一段記憶被連接到一個(gè) “客觀存在”的地方，所以當(dāng)他們穿過宮殿時(shí)，他們可以 “找到”他們?cè)趯ふ业臇|西，就像我們?cè)诜孔永飳ふ诣�匙一樣。

The information 'sticks out' because it's in contrast to the 'physical' locations in your mind.

信息能被“找出”是因?yàn)樗�是頭腦里相比之下最 “客觀存在” 的位置。

Our brain's work much better with visuals than they do with words and abstract thoughts alone. Connecting a memory with a location or visual makes it much easier to recall.

相比于單一的語言和抽象思維，我們的大腦在視覺圖像下能更好的工作。把記憶與存儲(chǔ)位置或視覺圖像聯(lián)系起來更容易記住信息。

Repetition - Repeat, revisit, and re-engage

重復(fù) ? ? 重復(fù)，再瀏覽，重新組合

The final factor influencing our memory, and the one that is most important for long-term memorization, is repetition. Without revisiting or re-engaging with the material that you've read, there's a pretty low chance you'll be able to remember and apply any of that knowledge in the real world.

最后一個(gè)影響我們記憶和長(zhǎng)期記憶的因素是重復(fù)。如果沒有重新瀏覽或重新結(jié)合你讀過的材料，那么你在現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中能夠記住并應(yīng)用這些知識(shí)的幾率會(huì)相當(dāng)?shù)汀?/p>

This doesn't necessarily mean you need to read through the book multiple times (although that does help). But rather, that you need to have a method for taking and organizing notes around the key parts you want to revisit later on.

但是這并不意味著要把這本書讀很多遍 （雖然這樣做有幫助）。相反地，你需要一種方法去記錄和組織那些你想重新瀏覽的重要部分。

How the smartest people actually read？

聰明人是怎么讀書的？

The most successful creatives don't just read for pleasure, they read to learn.

最成功的締造者不是只為快樂而看書，他們是為了學(xué)習(xí)而閱讀。

Reading with intention is the sum of all the parts that make up our memory?it means that you have a specific goal at hand (impression), that you want to connect what you're reading to other information (association), and that it is something you're invested in and will come back to again and again (repetition).

有目的的閱讀是決定我們記憶的所有部分的總和 ? ? 它意味著你眼前有一個(gè)特定的目標(biāo)（印象），你想要把所讀的與其他信息相聯(lián)系 （關(guān)聯(lián)），它是你感興趣，會(huì)反復(fù)閱讀的內(nèi)容 （重復(fù)）。

Let's take a look at how this actually works in practice:

讓我們看一些實(shí)例?

Ryan Holiday: Author & marketer

Ryan Holiday? 作家，市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷人員

Ryan Holiday's monthly book recommendation emails are one of my favorite newsletters to receive. Ryan is so well-read on a wide variety of subjects that I was incredibly curious as to how he organizes his thoughts as he reads.

Ryan Holiday的每月圖書推薦電子郵件是我最喜歡收到的時(shí)事通訊之一。Ryan非常地博學(xué)，他閱讀了各種各樣主題的內(nèi)容，我非常好奇他在閱讀時(shí)如何組織自己的想法。

Turns out Ryan uses a method he picked up from his mentor Robert Greene.

原來瑞恩用的是他的導(dǎo)師羅伯特格林介紹的一種方法。

While reading, write detailed notes in the margins and then fold the bottom corner of any page you’ve written on

在閱讀時(shí)，在空白處寫詳細(xì)的筆記，然后把這一頁的下角折起來

After a week or two, come back to the book and transcribe the notes you're still impressed by onto 4×6 cards

一兩個(gè)星期后，回到這本書，把你依然印象深刻的筆記抄寫到4×6卡紙上

Each card gets a category or theme in the top righthand corner (or you can use color-coded cards)

每張卡片的右上角標(biāo)注類別或主題（或者可以使用顏色編碼的卡片）

Organize the cards by category (or by chapter if you're working on a book project). This way you can move them around as you please and connect random ideas (the basis of creativity).

按類別組織卡片 （或按照章節(jié)排列）。你可以按照自己的喜好隨意移動(dòng)這些卡片，聯(lián)想出任意的想法（創(chuàng)造力的基礎(chǔ)）。

Maria Popova: Author & founder of Brain Pickings

Maria Popova? 作者，Brain Pickings的創(chuàng)始人

If you read Brainpickings.org, you'll quickly realize that Maria Popova either has a freakishly good memory or has devised an incredible way to store and organize thoughts.

如果你看了Brainpickings.org這個(gè)網(wǎng)站，你很快就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn) Popova 記憶力出奇的好，也可能是她有一種存儲(chǔ)和組織思想的不可思議的方法。

Turns out it's a little bit of both.

事實(shí)證明，兩者皆有。

Maria relies on making her own indexes of books in order to quickly scan what's inside and connect it to what she's writing. Here's how it works:

瑪麗亞靠她自己制作的索引能夠快速瀏覽書里寫了什么，而且能與她所寫的內(nèi)容聯(lián)系起來。下面就是她的做法?

While reading, highlight any passages or quotes you find interesting (making notes in the margin)

在閱讀時(shí)，標(biāo)記出任何你覺得有趣的篇章或句子 （空白處作筆記）

In the back (or front) of the book, create an index listing each page you’ve highlighted and what category the note should be under (This could be 'C' for creativity, or even the title of your latest project)

在這本書的背面 （或前面），把你做標(biāo)記的頁碼創(chuàng)建一個(gè)索引目錄，并且把它分類（可以用 'C' 表示創(chuàng)造力或者是你的最新項(xiàng)目的標(biāo)題）

Austin Kleon: Artist, author, and poet

奧斯汀里昂? 藝術(shù)家、 作者和詩(shī)人

Artist and author Austin Kleon leverages the fact that our brains respond better to visual information by taking notes in a mind map fashion.

藝術(shù)家兼作者的奧斯汀里昂利用了這一事實(shí)，就是，我們的大腦能在思維導(dǎo)圖方式下通過做筆記更好地應(yīng)對(duì)視覺信息。

Here's how he explains it:

他是這么做的：

"I'm trying to construct a 2-D memory palace on paper. By making notes in a non-linear manner, by arranging images and words in space, I can see connections that would otherwise be impossible with just words written in sequence."

"我試圖在紙上構(gòu)建一個(gè)2D的記憶宮殿。通過非線性的方式做筆記，通過在空間里排列圖像和文字，我可以看到文字序列無法呈現(xiàn)的其他方面的聯(lián)系。"

Josh Kaufman: bestselling author of The Personal MBA

Josh Kaufman?暢銷書 The Personal MBA的作者

While not as intricate or as interesting as some of the other methods, Josh's method?named The McDowell Grid after Benchmark Revenue Management CEO Tyson McDowell?is an excellent way to connect new thoughts with your own opinions and ideas.

雖然不像其他一些錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的方法，Josh Kaufman的方法一樣有趣 ? ?在基準(zhǔn)收益管理首席執(zhí)行官之后，泰森麥克道爾的麥克道爾網(wǎng)格? ? 是一種連接新的想法與你個(gè)人意見的好方法。

Here’s how The McDowell Grid works:

麥克道爾網(wǎng)格的讀書方法是這樣子的：

Create a simple 2-column grid

創(chuàng)建一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的 2 列網(wǎng)格

On one side, write the fact, thought, or quote you are impressed by

一列寫事實(shí)，觀點(diǎn)或使你印象深刻的句子

On the other side, write your own personal reaction and thought

另一邊，寫你自己的個(gè)人反應(yīng)和想法

That's it! This way, when you revisit your reading notes later on, you'll be able to put yourself back into the same frame of mind you were in when you originally read.

就是這樣的方法！這種方式能讓你在重新瀏覽你的讀書筆記后，讓自己進(jìn)入到第一次閱讀時(shí)侯的心境。

看完Jory MacKay所列的方法和這些聰明人是怎么讀書的，大家有所收益嗎？

好的，我們來復(fù)習(xí)一下。

按照J(rèn)ory MacKay所說，為了形成閱讀記憶，這三點(diǎn)必不可少：印象、關(guān)聯(lián)和重復(fù)。

首先是印象，要帶著目的去閱讀，閱讀前，掌握該書的總結(jié)和評(píng)論；閱讀期間，帶著具體目標(biāo)做一個(gè)冷酷的記錄員；閱讀后，深入了解材料。

其次是關(guān)聯(lián)，跟自己以往的知識(shí)建立聯(lián)系，早腦海中建立清晰的思維導(dǎo)圖，構(gòu)筑自己的知識(shí)宮殿。

最后，是重復(fù)。有記錄、有組織的去重復(fù)瀏覽你感興趣的那部分知識(shí)。

至于Jory MacKay所舉的例子，大家可以選擇適合自己的閱讀方法來進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)。

閱讀是生活的極大樂趣之一。它能讓我們?cè)谌粘Ｉ�活的忙碌中放松身心，而且�(guī)е�目的去閱讀還可以提高我們的技能，學(xué)習(xí)和借鑒別人的生活。

狄德羅說過，不讀書的人，思想就會(huì)停止。

宋代詩(shī)人黃山谷也說過，一日不讀書，塵生其中；兩日不讀書，言語乏味；三日不讀書，面目可憎。

林語堂將這句話解釋為，你三日不讀書，別人就會(huì)覺得你語言無味，面目可憎。一個(gè)不愛讀書的人往往是乏味的，因而也是不讓人喜歡的。

周國(guó)平解釋為，自己三日不讀書，就會(huì)覺得自慚形穢，羞于對(duì)人說話，覺得沒臉見人。

所以，同志們！為了“美”，為了不那么“面目可憎”，開始讀書吧，像聰明人那樣讀書！